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\begin{document}

\title{Explicit IMF By-dependence of energetic protons and the ring current}



\author[1]{Lauri Holappa}%
\author[2]{Natalia Buzulukova}%
\affil[1]{University of Oulu}%
\affil[2]{UMCP/NASA GSFC}%


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  \date{May 23, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The most important parameter driving the solar wind-magnetosphere
interaction is the southward (Bz) component of the interplanetary
magnetic field (IMF). While the dawn-dusk (By) component of the IMF is
also known to play an important role, its effects are usually assumed to
be independent of its sign. Here we demonstrate for the first time a
seasonally varying, explicit IMF By-dependence of the ring current and
Dst index. Using satellite observations and a global magnetohydrodynamic
(MHD) model coupled with a ring current model, we show that for a fixed
level of solar wind driving the flux of energetic magnetospheric protons
and the growth-rate of the ring current are greater for By\textless{}0
(By\textgreater{}0) than for By\textgreater{}0 (By\textless{}0) in
Northern Hemisphere summer (winter). While the physical mechanism of
this explicit By-effect is not yet fully understood, our results suggest
that IMF By modulates magnetospheric convection and plasma transport in
the inner magnetosphere.%
\end{abstract}%



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