Abstract
Most fracture-filling hydrates are discovered in the clay-domain
sediments shallower than 200 meters below seafloor, while pore-filling
hydrates were found in deeper sediments except for shallow sands
worldwide. The controlling mechanisms for the occurrences of different
types of hydrates are universally unrecognized. In this study, the
ubiquitous hydrate reservoirs recovered in the northern South China Sea
are categorized into three types based on the depth of hydrate-bearing
sediments and hydrate morphology, including 1) fracture-filling hydrates
in shallow clay sediments, 2) shallow fracture-filling hydrates and
associated hydrates in coarse grained sediments, and 3) pore-filling
hydrates in deeper clay-domain sediments. By analyzing the in-situ
pressures, a critical depth range (CDR) is found where capillary
pressure almost equals to the sum of the minimum principal stress and
tensile strength, and hydrate types are determined by the coupling
relationship between the depth of bottom of gas hydrate stability zone
(BGHSZ) and the depth of CDR. Above CDR where the capillary pressure is
greater, gas first migrates by inducing fractures, and a BGHSZ shallower
than CDR must be matched to produce fracture-filing hydrates. Below CDR
where capillary pressure is basically less than fracturing pressure, gas
prefers migrating between pores. If BGHSZ is deeper than CDR at the same
time, pore-filling hydrates are forming below CDR. The formation of
hydrate further reduces the permeability of sediments, blocking fluids
to migrate into the sediments above CDR. This study reveals the
controlling mechanisms of hydrate occurrences, and provide scientific
implications for hydrate research worldwide.