Figure S1 . Comparison between the spatial patterns of MLDmax from (top) CESM1-BEC simulated for the beginning of the 21st century (2005-2024) and (bottom) World Ocean Atlas 2013 decadal climatology, calculated based on gridded temperature and salinity data and density criterion of 0.125 kg m-3 increase from the surface (Δσϴ) for determining mixed layer depth. CESM1-BEC produces MLDmax with similar spatial patterns to the observational climatology data from the World Ocean Atlas, though with deeper MLDmax than the observations in the northeast Pacific and subpolar North Atlantic and shallower MLDmaxin the Southern Ocean.