The Mechanism of the Origin and Development of Lightning from Initiating
Event to Initial Breakdown Pulses (v.2)
Abstract
Based on experimental results of recent years, this article presents a
qualitative description of a possible mechanism (termed the Mechanism)
covering the main stages of lightning initiation, starting before and
including the initiating event, followed by the initial electric field
change (IEC), followed by the first few initial breakdown pulses (IBPs).
The Mechanism assumes initiation occurs in a region of ≈1 km with
average electric field E≥0.3 MV/(m∙atm), which contains, because of
turbulence, numerous small ‘E-volumes’ of 10^-4-10^-3 m with E≥3
MV/(m∙atm). The Mechanism allows for lightning initiation by either of
two observed types of events: a high power VHF event such as a Narrow
Bipolar Event, or a weak VHF event. According to the Mechanism, both
types of initiating events are caused by a group of relativistic runaway
electron avalanche particles (where the initial electrons are secondary
particles of an extensive air shower) passing through many ‘E-volumes’,
thereby causing the nearly simultaneous launching of many positive
streamer flashes. Due to ionization-heating instability, unusual plasma
formations (UPFs) appear along the streamers’ trajectories of the
streamers. These UPFs combine into three-dimensional (3D) networks of
hot plasma channels during the IEC, resulting in its observed weak
current flow. The subsequent development and combination of two (or
more) of these 3D networks of hot plasma channels then causes the first
IBP. Each subsequent IBP is caused when another 3D network of hot plasma
channels combines with the chain of networks caused by earlier IBPs.