Enigmatic is a word that often comes up in discussions about Proterozoic molar tooth carbonate structures (MTS). But when unusual features such as these are common in rocks of a particular age, there is almost always an important message waiting to be discovered. In this case, the observed temporal patterns for MTS likely track first-order trends in evolving compositions in the oceans during Earth’s middle history when CO₂ in the atmosphere and carbonate saturation in the ocean were high but declining and oxygen (O₂) in the ocean-atmosphere system was on the rise. A new paper by Tang et al. (this volume) gives us a new way to think about MTS origins, and nested within their model are wide ranging implicit and explicit linkages to Earth surface evolution as life was becoming more complex in a slow march toward the world we know today.