2.3 CTH simulation set-up
We use version 11.1 of CTH and cylindrical symmetry for computations of 6.35 mm diameter quartz sphere impacting an iron ingot plate at 3.41 km/s (119 K) and 5.31 km/s (290 K), respectively (corresponding to the two in situ experiments numbered 2.06 and 2.11 in Marchi et al., 2020). Both ingots in the experiments and simulations were of the type I-90 (b). We utilize the equations of state for quartz and iron, which are included in the CTH library. Since the strength of the impactor does not play a pivotal role in crater size, strength for the impactors is approximated to behave like Al-2024 from the CTH library (as there is no strength model within the CTH suite for quartz at this time). We implement the JC strength model within CTH for the iron ingot target material using the same input parameters described before (Table 2). The resolution (cell size) of these simulations is 0.03 cm.