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Lahore: ground water depth analysis and its impact on water parameters
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  • Owais Ali,
  • Asad Ali,
  • Muhammad Shakir,
  • Salma Riaz,
  • Shahid Iqbal,
  • Erum Zahid
Owais Ali
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Asad Ali
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
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Muhammad Shakir
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
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Salma Riaz
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
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Shahid Iqbal
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
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Erum Zahid
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
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Abstract

The contaminated ground water has now evolved to be a real threat for the public as well as the agricultural growth. Many minerals present in the ground water that needs to be constantly monitored and in case of any discrepancy with the minerals’ levels immediate remedial measures become necessary to make it safe to drink as well as to be used for the agricultural purposes. This study assesses the nine physiochemical parameters of drinking water quality of Lahore city. Three thousand, nine hundred and eighteen drinking water samples were randomly collected from the study area. These samples were physio-chemically analyzed for nine key toxic (in excess) elements such as Depth, Electric conductivity, Calcium-Magnesium, Sodium, Carbonates, Bi-Carbonates, Chlorine, Sodium adsorption ratio and Residual sodium carbonate. Geostatistical techniques such as variogram and kriging were used to investigate the spatial variations of these minerals across the city. Four variogram models were evaluated and most appropriate models were applied for each water quality parameter. The kriging predictions revealed significant concentrations of the above-stated elements at some locations in the study area. While comparing with the World Health Organization, United States Environmental Protection Agency, and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency standards, the water samples were found to be unsatisfactory for drinking in Lahore City. We conclude that the drinking water in this region is of poor quality and needs proper treatment to make it palatable.