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\begin{document}

\title{Resolving space and time variation of lake-atmosphere carbon dioxide
fluxes using multiple methods}



\author[1]{Angela K Baldocchi}%
\author[2]{David E Reed}%
\author[3]{Luke C Loken}%
\author[1]{Emily H. Stanley}%
\author[4]{Hayley Huerd}%
\author[1]{Ankur Rashmikant Desai}%
\affil[1]{University of Wisconsin-Madison}%
\affil[2]{Michigan State University}%
\affil[3]{University of Wisconsin}%
\affil[4]{University of California Merced}%


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  \date{May 23, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Lakes emit globally significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO) to the
atmosphere, but quantifying these rates for individual lakes is
extremely challenging. The exchange of CO across the air-water interface
is driven by physical, chemical, and biological processes in both the
lake and the atmosphere that vary at multiple spatial and temporal
scales. None of the methods we use to estimate CO flux fully capture
this heterogeneous process. Here, we compared concurrent CO flux
estimates from a single lake based on commonly used methods. These
include floating chambers (FC), eddy covariance (EC), and two
concentration gradient based methods labelled fixed (F-CO2\selectlanguage{english}) and spatial
(S-CO2\selectlanguage{english}). At the end of summer, cumulative carbon fluxes were similar
between EC, F-CO2 \selectlanguage{english}and S-CO2 \selectlanguage{english}methods (-4, -4 and -9.5 gC), while methods
diverged in directionality of fluxes during the fall turnover period
(-50, 43 and 38 gC). Collectively these results highlight the
discrepancies among methods and the need to acknowledge the uncertainty
when using any of them to approximate this heterogeneous process.%
\end{abstract}%



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