South Asia is among the most populous regions of the earth which houses fast-developing economies. The unique geographical settings and socio-economic-demographic structure of the region make it highly vulnerable to the risks posed by climate change as documented by several comprehensive scientific research reports. Human-induced climate change signatures have already been noted in the form of increasing extremes (e.g. cyclones, droughts, floods, heat waves, thunderstorms, etc.), rising sea level, and changing monsoon patterns over the region. Though considerable progress has been made towards understanding the science of climate change, regional climate change consequences are still not well understood and limited by sparse observational networks and inadequate knowledge of region-specific physical processes which often lead to large spread and uncertainties in model projections. Based on the available literature, the chapter highlights the past, present, and future projections of climate over South Asia. Recent advances in observations and dedicated regional and earth system modeling activities over the region are also discussed alongside other emerging methodologies and tools which can lead to overall improvement in understanding of physical processes. We discuss the studies that have been carried out in the past and also the prospective gap areas that can be pursued in future through the use of a combined framework of modern observations-modeling-analysis techniques.
