A Necessary Step Toward Cloud Tomography from Space using MISR and
MODIS: Understanding the Physics of Opaque 3D Cloud Image Formation
Abstract
Cloud tomography (CT) is a promising approach in passive remote sensing
using space-based imaging sensors like MISR and MODIS. In contrast with
current cloud property retrievals in the VNIR-SWIR, which are grounded
in 1D radiative transfer (RT), CT embraces the 3D nature of convective
clouds. Forster et al. (2020) defined the “veiled core” (VC) of such
clouds as the optically deep region where detailed 3D structure of the
cloud has little impact on the multi-angle/multi-spectral images as long
as average VC extinction and any significant cloud-scale gradient are
preserved. Quantitatively, the difference between radiance fields
escaping clouds remains commensurate with sensor noise when said clouds
differ only in the small-scale distribution of extinction inside their
VC. An important corollary for the large and ill-posed CT inverse
problem is that the only unknowns of interest for the whole VC are its
mean and any cloud-scale vertical trend in the extinction coefficient.
Another ramification for CT algorithms under development is that the
forward 3D RT model driving the inversion may be vastly simplified in
the VC to gain efficiency. We explore that possibility here, assuming
radiative diffusion as the simplified RT for the VC. We also describe
the relevant RT physics that unfold in the VC and in the outer shell
(OS) where detailed spatial structure does matter for image formation.
This includes control by the VC of the cloud-scale contrast between
brightnesses of illuminated and shaded boundaries, as well as the
gradual blurring of spatial structure via directional diffusion with
increasing optical distance into the OS. “Transport” space is the
merger of 3D (or 1D) physical space and 2D direction space. Cloud image
formation involves radiative diffusion processes (i.e., random walks) in
both of these spaces, depending on what transport regime prevails.
Fortunately for the future of computed CT and of passive cloud remote
sensing in general, there is a clear spatial separation: asymptotic
limit of radiative diffusion in the VC, standard RT in the OS. A hybrid
forward model for CT will make use of this fact. Reference: Forster, L.,
Davis, A. B., Diner, D. J., & Mayer, B. (2021). Toward Cloud Tomography
from Space Using MISR and MODIS: Locating the “Veiled Core” in Opaque
Convective Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 78(1), 155-166.