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\begin{document}

\title{The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation: A Second Disruption in Four Years}



\author[1]{Mark A. Saunders}%
\author[1]{Adam S. R. Lea}%
\author[1]{John R. Smallwood}%
\affil[1]{University College London}%


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  \date{May 19, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a pattern of descending easterly
and westerly winds in the equatorial stratosphere that repeats every 28
months on average. The QBO matters because it influences environmental
variables and phenomena in both the stratosphere and troposphere, and
because its recurrent nature offers the potential for predictability.
However, in 2015/16 after at least 62 years of regular behavior the QBO
experienced an unprecedented disruption. Here we report and examine a
second and similar QBO disruption that occurred just four years later in
2019/20. This second event shows that the original disruption was not
unique and suggests an increased chance of further QBO disruptions. The
QBO splitting in 2019/20 was initiated by unusually strong southern
hemisphere Rossby waves that dissipated momentum in the equatorial
stratosphere. Large vertical differences in upwelling speed sustained
the QBO split and contributed to an anomalous upward-moving westerly QBO
regime.%
\end{abstract}%



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