Transition in Optical and Radio Features during the Initial Leader
Development of Intracloud Lightning
Abstract
How the successively upward, isolated source-dominated propagation of
the intracloud (IC) lightning transitions into highly branched, sideways
propagation remains an intriguing question. Because the initial IC
leader development is usually obscured by thunderclouds, there are few
reported optical observations of the initiation and early propagation of
IC lightning (Stolzenburg et al., 2021). Here, we analyze and detail the
observations of this transition during initial IC leader development
with data from optical instruments (Atmosphere-Space Interactions
Monitor on the International Space Station), LF magnetic sensors, and
VHF interferometry. This transition stage is initially defined by
characteristics of the VHF interferometry source maps. By comparing
multiple measurements for the same flashes, we find that this transition
stage is also defined by repeatable (but different) features in the LF
power density and optical waveforms. We find that the ratio of 337 nm
(blue)/777.4 nm (red) optical radiance is above unity prior to the
transition but is almost always below unity after the transition. The
variance in this optical ratio suggests that the dominant illuminating
process changes from isolated streamer activities (blue) to thermal
channel excitations (red) through the transition. Although the decrease
of the optical ratio after the transition could result from the
extension of the hot leader channel, we find that the blue radiance
drops through the transition, while the red radiance remains almost
invariant. Furthermore, the optical radiance reaches the maximum when
the transition starts and the LF power density sharply decreases after
the transition, suggesting the transition may occur when the leader
gradually propagates outside of the high E-field region.