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\begin{document}

\title{Revisiting daily MODIS evapotranspiration algorithm using flux tower
measurements in China}



\author[1]{Lei Huang}%
\author[2]{Tammo S Steenhuis}%
\author[1]{Yong Luo}%
\author[3]{Qiuhong Tang}%
\author[4]{Ronglin Tang}%
\author[1]{Junqing Zheng}%
\author[1]{Wen Shi}%
\author[1]{Chen Qiao}%
\affil[1]{Tsinghua University}%
\affil[2]{Cornell University}%
\affil[3]{Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[4]{Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources Research}%


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  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Evapotranspiration (\emph{ET}) is the major component of the hydrology
cycle. Satellites provide a convenient way for gathering information to
estimate regional \emph{ET}. The most widely applied method for
converting the instantaneous satellite measurement to daily scale
assumes that evaporative fraction (\emph{EF}), defined as the ratio of
\emph{ET} to the available energy, is constant during the daytime.
However, this method was proved to underestimate the daily \emph{ET}.
This study implemented a theoretically improved \emph{EF} algorithm to
calculate daily \emph{ET} with the decoupling factor method based on the
Penman-Monteith and McNaughton-Jarvis equations. Seven improved
algorithms were developed by assuming that various parameters remain
constant during the day. The satellite-based \emph{ET} estimates were
compared with seven local flux tower measurements in China. The results
showed that: (1) The original \emph{ET} method calculated the daily
evaporation more accurately than the other algorithms. However, the good
fit was based on two compensating inaccuracies. Compared to the flux
tower measurement, the original \emph{ET} method underestimated the
daily EF by 26\% and overestimated the daily net radiation by 30\%. (2)
Six of the seven proposed algorithms underpredicted the daily \emph{ET}
by 30-60\%, mainly due to the inaccurate daily net radiation. (3) The
algorithm that assumed that the instantaneous decoupling parameter
\selectlanguage{greek}\emph{Ω}\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{*} was equal to its daily value method
calculated \emph{EF} and \emph{ET} with the relative errors of 8\% and
10\% when the inaccurate estimated daily net radiation was replaced by
the observed flux tower data.%
\end{abstract}%



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