We used magnetotelluric data from 352 sites in Botswana to derive a nationwide electrical conductivity model of the crust and upper mantle structure. A robust methodological scheme and 3D inversion were used to derive a 3D electrical conductivity model with unprecedented spatial coverage. The model results show interesting features, including the major cratonic blocks and the mobile belts in Botswana. A distinctive resistive structure was imaged in southwest Botswana, which suggests the existence of the Maltahohe microcraton as a separate cratonic unit as proposed by other studies. Furthermore, the model gives new insight into the extension of the East African Rift System to Botswana and the incipient rifting in the Okavango Rift Zone. In northern Botswana, the electrical conductivity model shows a high conductivity structure beneath the Okavango Rift Zone, which connects with a deeper high conductivity structure that we attribute to the East African Rift System due to its vicinity to Lake Kariba, the last surface expression of the rift system. We suggest that ascending fluids or melt from the East African Rift System causes the weakening of the lithosphere and plays a significant role in the incipient continental rifting in the Okavango Rift Zone.

Botswana is located at the centre of southern Africa, where major tectonic features intersect and interact, e.g., the anomalous topography of the African-superswell, the termination of the East African Rift System, and the boundaries of the cratons and mobile belts. Moreover, Botswana is a major player in the production of critical raw earth materials. Therefore, the study of Botswana's crust and upper mantle gives more insight into the tectonic development of the region and improves our understanding of the distribution of Earth resources and natural hazards. Although novel country-wide geophysical data have been compiled and processed in the last two decades, some unclear and debated hypotheses about important tectonic features and the geodynamics of Botswana from various geophysical studies still exist. This includes the debate about the existence of a buried Maltahohe microcraton in the southwest region, the mechanism of the rifting in the Okavango Rift Zone, and the further extension of the East African Rift System to central Botswana. This research presents a homogenous 3-D electrical model with unprecedented spatial coverage, using a robust 3-D methodological scheme. We used magnetotelluric data from 355 stations throughout Botswana to derive an electrical conductivity model. The result of this research provides straightforward, connected, and precise geologic interpretations about different arguments raised in the literature on the tectonics and structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath Botswana. The model shows interesting features, including the major cratonic blocks, a separate cratonic structure -- Maltahohe microcraton in southwest Botswana, and the mobile belts. Furthermore, the model gives new insight into the Okavango Rift Zone and the extension of the East African Rift System to Botswana. Our results overcome the fragmented nature of the previous studies and the incoherent methodologies and approaches that have led to some misleading or conflicting interpretations.