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\begin{document}

\title{Sudden Stratospheric Warmings}



\author[1]{Mark P Baldwin}%
\author[2]{Blanca Ayarzagüena}%
\author[3]{Thomas Birner}%
\author[4]{Neal Butchart}%
\author[5]{Andrew James Charlton-Perez}%
\author[6]{Amy Hawes Butler}%
\author[7]{Daniela I.V. Domeisen}%
\author[8]{Chaim I Garfinkel}%
\author[9]{Hella Garny}%
\author[10]{Edwin Paul Gerber}%
\author[5]{Michaela Imelda Hegglin}%
\author[11]{Ulrike Langematz}%
\author[12]{Nicholas Michael Pedatella}%
\affil[1]{University of Exeter}%
\affil[2]{Universidad Complutense de Madrid}%
\affil[3]{Ludwig-Maximilians University}%
\affil[4]{Met Office Hadley Centre}%
\affil[5]{University of Reading}%
\affil[6]{CIRES/NOAA}%
\affil[7]{ETH Zurich}%
\affil[8]{Hebrew University of Jerusalem}%
\affil[9]{Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt}%
\affil[10]{Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University}%
\affil[11]{Freie Universitaet Berlin}%
\affil[12]{National Center for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are impressive fluid dynamical
events in which large and rapid temperature increases in the winter
polar stratosphere (\textasciitilde{}0--50km) are associated with a
complete reversal of the climatological wintertime westerly winds. SSWs
are fundamentally caused by the breaking of planetary-scale waves that
propagate upwards from the troposphere. During an SSW, the polar vortex
breaks down, accompanied by rapid warming of the polar air column. This
rapid warming and descent of the polar air column affects tropospheric
weather, shifting jet streams, storm tracks, and the Northern Annular
Mode (NAM), including increased frequency of cold air outbreaks over
North America and Eurasia. SSWs affect the whole atmosphere above the
stratosphere producing widespread effects on atmospheric chemistry,
temperatures, winds, neutral (non-ionized) particle and electron
densities, and electric fields. These effects span the surface to the
thermosphere and across both hemispheres. Given their crucial role in
the whole atmosphere, SSWs are also seen as a key process to analyze in
climate change studies and subseasonal to seasonal predictions. This
work reviews the current knowledge on the most important aspects related
to SSWs from the historical background to involved dynamical processes,
modelling, chemistry and impact on other atmospheric layers.%
\end{abstract}%



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