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\begin{document}

\title{The Distinguishing Characteristics of Storms that Produce Rain-on-Snow
Events in Alaska}



\author[1]{Alex Crawford}%
\author[1]{Karen Alley}%
\author[1]{Anna Cooke}%
\author[2]{Mark Serreze}%
\affil[1]{College of Wooster}%
\affil[2]{NSIDC}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
A growing body of research has shown that rain-on-snow (ROS) events can
have adverse impacts on high-latitude ungulate populations. When rain
freezes in the snowpack, it forms ice that blocks access to winter
forage and, in extreme cases, contributes to mass die-offs. Research
into the atmospheric conditions that cause ROS have shown a relation to
anomalously southerly winds and warm, moist air associated with the
passage of extratropical cyclones. However, these conditions are common
for many winter precipitation events, not just ROS. This study uses the
MERRA2 atmospheric reanalysis to differentiate ROS events in Alaska from
precipitation events in which only snow falls on a preexisting snowpack
(snow-on-snow, or SOS). Although ROS-producing storms are no stronger
than SOS-producing storms, for much of Alaska (the interior, southwest,
and south central), the tracks of ROS-producing storms tend to be
farther north and west than SOS-producing storms. Sea-level pressure in
the eastern Gulf of Alaska is significantly higher during ROS than SOS,
as well as 72 hours prior to storm events. This suggests that blocking
highs in the Gulf of Alaska may help encourage rainfall (and therefore
rain-on-snow events) by: 1) diverting storms to the northwest, which
places more of Alaska under the influence of southerly flow and 2)
strengthening that southerly flow by increasing the pressure gradients
on the southeast side of storms. Both mechanisms might contribute to the
significantly higher 2-m air temperature and total column water vapor
observed for ROS versus SOS. The role of blocking highs may also provide
a source of predictability for ROS events in parts of Alaska.%
\end{abstract}%



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