Abstract
Clouds have been recognized to enhance surface melt on the Greenland Ice
Sheet (GrIS). However, quantitative estimates of the effects of clouds
on the GrIS melt area and ice-sheet-wide surface mass balance are still
lacking. Here we assess the effects of clouds with the state-of-the-art
regional climate model NHM-SMAP forced by the JRA-55 reanalysis [1],
conducting a numerical sensitivity test in which adiabatic atmospheric
conditions as well as zero cloud water/ice amounts are assumed (i.e.,
clear-sky conditions), although the precipitation rate is the same as in
the control all-sky simulation. By including or excluding clouds, we
quantify time-integrated feedbacks for the first time. We find that
clouds were responsible for a 3.1%, 0.3%, and 0.7% increase in
surface melt extent (of the total GrIS area) in 2012, 2013, and 2014,
respectively. During the same periods, clouds reduced solar heating and
thus daily runoff by 1.6, 0.8, and 1.0 Gt day–1, respectively: clouds
did not enhance surface mass loss. In the ablation areas, the presence
of clouds results in a reduction of downward latent heat flux at the
snow/ice surface so that much less energy is available for the surface
melt, which highlights the importance of indirect time-integrated
feedbacks of cloud radiative effects. Reference [1] Niwano et al.
(2018) NHM-SMAP: Spatially and temporally high resolution
non-hydrostatic atmospheric model coupled with detailed snow process
model for Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 12, 635-655,
doi:10.5194/tc-12-635-2018.