Dynamics of the deadly snow avalanche of January 18, 2017 at Rigopiano
(Central Italy)
Abstract
On January 2017, a snow avalanche devastated a Resort-hotel in the
municipality of Rigopiano in Abruzzo (Central Italy), unfortunately,
burying alive 40 people. In a dramatic rescue operation only 11 people
could be recovered. Due to the bad weather conditions, no visual
observation was made, thus making it impossible to determine the exact
moment of the avalanche and to report necessary observations of the
dramatic event. Many are the questions and hypotheses around this tragic
event. On-site inspections revealed that the hotel was horizontally cut
by shear forces and dislocated by 48 m in 70°deg;N direction, once the
increasing avalanche pressure exceeded the structural shear strength of
the building. Analyses of phone calls revealed that the avalanche struck
sometime before 16:40, when the first emergency call was received, while
the last phone call from Hotel Rigopiano before the avalanche was taken
at 15:30. Subsequent inspections of the victims’ mobile phones indicates
the latest possible event time as 15:54 (all times in UTC). Within this
eligible 24 min time window, we scanned regional seismograms for any
“suspicious” signal that could have been generated by the avalanche
and found three weak seismic transients, starting at 15:42:38 UTC,
recorded by the nearest operating station GIGS located in the Gran Sasso
underground laboratory at a distance of approximately 17 km from
Rigopiano. Particle motion analysis of the strongest seismic avalanche
signal, as well as of the synthetic seismograms match best when assuming
a single force seismic source, attacking in direction of 120°deg;N.
Hundreds of simulations of the avalanche dynamics – calculated by using
a 2D rapid mass movement simulator – indicate that the seismic signals
were rather generated as the avalanche flowed through a narrow and
twisting canyon directly above the hotel. Once the avalanche enters the
canyon it is travelling at maximum velocity (37 m/s) and is twice
strongly deflected by the rock sidewalls. These impacts created a
distinct linearly polarized seismic “avalanche transient”; that can be
used to time the destruction of the hotel. Our results demonstrate that
seismic recordings combined with simulations of mass movements are
indispensable to remotely monitor snow avalanches.