Thermospheric orthohelium, He(23S), variations associated with a
moderate storm in February 2023: the NIRAS-2 observations at the Kjell
Henriksen Observatory (78.1\degree N,
16.0\degree E), Svalbard.
Abstract
This study presents time variability of metastable orthohelium, He(23S),
in polar region associated with a geomagnetic storm for the first time.
Continuous 17-nights dataset of He(23S) airglow brightness at 1083 nm
was obtained from a short-wavelength infrared imaging spectrograph
(NIRAS-2) at the KHO, Svalbard (78.1°N, 16.0°E). The observed He(23S)
airglow brightness clearly displayed responses to the geomagnetic storm
in different time scales. The He(23S) airglow brightness has began to
decrease sharply within an hour of sudden commencement of the storm, and
it was gradually decreased over the next few days and then recovered
slowly. It agreed to helium density variations at 500-km altitude
calculated by MSIS. The depletion of He(23S) was mainly caused by
enhanced Penning ionization due to upwelling N2 from the lower
atmosphere; this was consistent with decreased O/N2 ratio in MSIS and
TIMED/GUVI measurements, and electron density depletion in F region
observed by EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR). Additionally, sudden increases
in He(23S) airglow brightness were clearly found associated with
intermittent electron precipitations observed by the ESR. Therefore,
direct impact by precipitating electron injected from the space to the
polar upper atmosphere can play significant roles in production of
He(23S). The NIRAS-2 measurements have successfully demonstrated that
column density of He(23S) from the upper thermosphere to the exosphere
was drastically changed by forcing both from the lower atmosphere and
from the space. He(23S) measurements will definitely improve our
understanding of thermosphere-ionosphere coupling system and extend the
coverage of space weather forecasting up to the exobase.