A locally smoothed terrain-following vertical coordinate to improve the
simulation of fog and low stratus in numerical weather prediction models
Abstract
The correct simulation of fog and low stratus (FLS) is a difficult task
for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The Swiss Plateau
experiences many days with FLS in winter. Most NWP models employ
terrain-following vertical coordinates. As a consequence, the typically
flat cloud top is intersected by sloping coordinate surfaces above hilly
terrain such as the Swiss Plateau. Horizontal advection across the
sloping coordinate surfaces leads to spurious numerical diffusion which
promotes erroneous FLS dissipation. To address this problem, we propose
a new vertical coordinate formulation which features a local smoothing
of the model levels. We demonstrate the positive impact of the new
vertical coordinate formulation on a case study in detail and for a full
month using the COSMO model. The improved vertical coordinate
formulation is not yet sufficient to obtain perfect FLS forecasts, it is
however a crucial aspect to consider on the way thereto.