Under-Displaced Normal Faults: Strain Accommodation along an Early-Stage
Rift-Bounding Fault in the Southern Malawi Rift
Abstract
One of the fundamental problems in continental rift segmentation and
propagation is how strain is accommodated along large rift-bounding
faults (border faults) since the segmentation of propagating border
faults control the expression of rift zones, syn-rift depo-centers, and
long-term basin evolution. In the southern Malawi Rift, where previous
studies on the early-stage rifting only assessed border fault structure
from surficial and topographic expression, we integrate surface and
subsurface data to investigate border fault segmentation, linkage, and
growth as proxies for strain accommodation along the Bilila-Mtakataka
Fault (BMF) System. We used 30 m-resolution topographic relief maps,
electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and high-resolution
aeromagnetic data to characterize the detailed fault geometry and
provide a more robust estimate of along-fault displacement distribution.
Our results reveal a discrepancy between sub-aerial segmentation of the
BMF geometry (6 segments), scarp height (5 segments) reflecting the most
recent fault offset, and cumulative throw (3 segments) reflecting the
long-term fault offset. We also observe that although the BMF exhibits
continuity of sub-aerial scarps along its length, the throw distribution
shows a higher estimate at the Northern-to-Central segment relay zone
(423 m absolute, 364 m moving median) compared to the
Central-to-Southern segment relay zone (371 m absolute, 297 m moving
median). The ERT profiles across the relay zones suggest a shallower
basement and a possible canyon-mouth alluvial fan stratigraphy at the
Central-to-Southern segment relay zone, which contrasts the deeper
basement and ‘simpler’ electrical stratigraphy at the
Northern-to-Central relay. The results suggest a more complex long-term
evolution of the BMF than was assumed in previous studies. A comparison
of maximum throw-length estimates of the BMF with those of other
well-studied Malawi Rift border faults and global normal fault
populations suggest that although the BMF has possibly reached its
maximum length, just as the other border faults, it remains largely
under-displaced. We suggest that the BMF may continue to accrue
significant strain as tectonic extension progresses in southern Malawi
Rift, thus posing a major seismic hazard in the region.