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Under-Displaced Normal Faults: Strain Accommodation along an Early-Stage Rift-Bounding Fault in the Southern Malawi Rift
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  • Oyewande Ojo,
  • Leonard Ohenhen,
  • Folarin Kolawole,
  • Steven Johnson,
  • Patrick Chindandali,
  • Estella Atekwana,
  • Daniel Laó-Dávila
Oyewande Ojo
Boone Pickens School of Geology, Oklahoma State University, 105 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078-3031, USA

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Leonard Ohenhen
Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Folarin Kolawole
BP America, 501 West Lake Blvd., Houston, TX 77079, USA
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Steven Johnson
Boone Pickens School of Geology, Oklahoma State University, 105 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078-3031, USA
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Patrick Chindandali
Geological Survey Department, P.O. Box 27, Zomba, Malawi
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Estella Atekwana
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Daniel Laó-Dávila
Boone Pickens School of Geology, Oklahoma State University, 105 Noble Research Center, Stillwater, OK 74078-3031, USA
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Abstract

One of the fundamental problems in continental rift segmentation and propagation is how strain is accommodated along large rift-bounding faults (border faults) since the segmentation of propagating border faults control the expression of rift zones, syn-rift depo-centers, and long-term basin evolution. In the southern Malawi Rift, where previous studies on the early-stage rifting only assessed border fault structure from surficial and topographic expression, we integrate surface and subsurface data to investigate border fault segmentation, linkage, and growth as proxies for strain accommodation along the Bilila-Mtakataka Fault (BMF) System. We used 30 m-resolution topographic relief maps, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and high-resolution aeromagnetic data to characterize the detailed fault geometry and provide a more robust estimate of along-fault displacement distribution. Our results reveal a discrepancy between sub-aerial segmentation of the BMF geometry (6 segments), scarp height (5 segments) reflecting the most recent fault offset, and cumulative throw (3 segments) reflecting the long-term fault offset. We also observe that although the BMF exhibits continuity of sub-aerial scarps along its length, the throw distribution shows a higher estimate at the Northern-to-Central segment relay zone (423 m absolute, 364 m moving median) compared to the Central-to-Southern segment relay zone (371 m absolute, 297 m moving median). The ERT profiles across the relay zones suggest a shallower basement and a possible canyon-mouth alluvial fan stratigraphy at the Central-to-Southern segment relay zone, which contrasts the deeper basement and ‘simpler’ electrical stratigraphy at the Northern-to-Central relay. The results suggest a more complex long-term evolution of the BMF than was assumed in previous studies. A comparison of maximum throw-length estimates of the BMF with those of other well-studied Malawi Rift border faults and global normal fault populations suggest that although the BMF has possibly reached its maximum length, just as the other border faults, it remains largely under-displaced. We suggest that the BMF may continue to accrue significant strain as tectonic extension progresses in southern Malawi Rift, thus posing a major seismic hazard in the region.
07 Apr 2022Published in Frontiers in Earth Science volume 10. 10.3389/feart.2022.846389