Abstract
Flow in formations having both low-porosity and low-permeability
prevalently occurs in fracture networks. Fracture connectivity and
permeability are the main features governing flow in these media, and
affect the effectiveness of any subsurface operation (e.g. enhanced oil
recovery, enhanced geothermal systems). Moreover, the rheology of the
fluid is often non-Newtonian due to their complex microstructure,
resulting in a non-linear constitutive law at the continuum scale.
Modeling flow of complex fluids in a fracture is challenging, when both
medium heterogeneity and a realistic fluid rheology, typically
shear-thinning, are considered. Full 3-D simulations are computationally
expensive and time-consuming; alternatively, a lubrication-based
approach can be adopted to implement an efficient 2-D flow solver able
to produce vast statistics in reasonable time. We propose a numerical
code that solves the 2-D generalized non-linear Reynolds equation for
Ellis fluid flow in a single variable aperture fracture, adopting the
finite volume method. The inexact Newton-Krylov method solves the
associated non-linear system of equations, while a preconditioned
conjugate gradient algorithm is used to solve the linear system at each
Newton iteration. A parameter continuation strategy is also introduced
to handle strongly non-linear cases. A synthetic fracture aperture field
w(x) is generated and the flow problem is solved. The numerical scheme
is particularly efficient and robust for most input parameters of
practical interest. Numerical parameters of the Inexact Newton-Krylov
method have been optimized to simulate flow on large mesh (e.g.
1010x1010), considering a range of
fracture closure (σw/‹w›) from 0 to 1, a shear-thinning
index (n) of the Ellis rheologic model varying from 0.1 (strongly
shear-thinning behavior) to 1 (Newtonian case). Pressure gradients (∇P)
typical of subsurface flow, either natural or forced, have been
considered to study natural phenomena and industrial applications.