Biogeochemical fluxes of nickel in the global oceans inferred from a
diagnostic model
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) is a micronutrient that plays a role in nitrogen uptake and
fixation in the modern ocean may have impacted rates of methanogenesis
on geological timescales. Here we present the results of a diagnostic
model of global ocean Ni fluxes which addresses key questions about the
biogeochemical processes which cycle Ni in the modern oceans. Our
approach starts with extrapolating the sparse available observations of
Ni data from the GEOTRACES project into a global gridded climatology of
ocean Ni concentrations. Three different machine learning techniques
were tested, each relying on marine tracers with better observational
coverage such as macronutrient concentrations and physical parameters.
The ocean transport of this global Ni concentration field is then
estimated using the OCIM2 ocean circulation inverse model, revealing
regions of net convergence or divergence. These diagnostics are not
based on any assumption about Ni biogeochemical cycling, but their
spatial patterns can be interpreted as reflecting biogeochemical
processes. We find that the spatial pattern of Ni uptake in the surface
ocean is similar to phosphate (P) uptake, but not silicate (Si) uptake,
suggesting that Ni is not incorporated into diatom frustules. We find
that Ni:P ratios at uptake do not decrease with Ni concentrations
approaching 2 nM, which challenges the hypothesis of a
~2 nM pool of non-bioavailable Ni in the surface ocean.
Finally, the net regeneration of Ni occurs deeper in the ocean than P
remineralization, which could be explained by reversible scavenging or
the presence of a refractory Ni phase.