Effect of module completion on (a) student confidence in data science (graph data, analyze data, model data) and forecasting (generate forecast, quantify uncertainty, communicate forecast) skills and (b) knowledge of ecological forecasting. (a) Student confidence was assessed via Likert scores, where 1 was “not confident at all” and 5 was “extremely confident”. Changes in student confidence were calculated by subtracting each student’s pre-module score from the post-module score. Numbers above each bar indicate the number of student responses obtained for each assessment question. (b) Differences in students’ ability to identify the definition of an ecological forecast before and after module completion were assessed via paired, two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank tests; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.