Seasonal snowpack microbial ecology and biogeochemistry on a High Arctic
ice cap reveals negligible autotrophic activity during spring and summer
melt
Abstract
Snowpack ecosystem studies are primarily derived from research on
snow-on-soil ecosystems. Greater research attention needs to be directed
to the study of glacial snow covers as most snow cover lies on glaciers
and ice sheets. With rising temperatures, snowpacks are getting wetter,
which can potentially give rise to biologically productive snowpacks.
The present study set out to determine the linkage between the thermal
evolution of a snowpack and the seasonal microbial ecology of snow. We
present the first comprehensive study of the seasonal microbial activity
and biogeochemistry within a melting glacial snowpack on a High Arctic
ice cap, Foxfonna, in Svalbard. Nutrients from winter atmospheric bulk
deposition were supplemented by dust fertilisation and weathering
processes. NH4+ and PO43- resources in the snow therefore reached their
highest values during late June and early July, at 22 and 13.9 mg m-2,
respectively. However, primary production did not respond to this
nutrient resource due to an absence of autotrophs in the snowpack. The
average autotrophic abundance on the ice cap throughout the melt season
was 0.5 {plus minus} 2.7 cells mL-1. Instead, the microbial cell
abundance was dominated by bacterial cells that increased from an
average of (39 {plus minus} 19 cells mL-1) in June to (363 {plus
minus} 595 cells mL-1) in early July. Thus, the total seasonal
biological production on Foxfonna was estimated at 153 mg C m-2, and the
glacial snowpack microbial ecosystem was identified as
net-heterotrophic. This work presents a seasonal ‘album’ documenting the
bacterial ecology of glacial snowpacks.