Water quality assessment has increasingly become a vital part to meet the water needs for domestic, industrial and irrigation purposes. Water quality assessment is a multi-criteria decision-making approach subjected to qualitative and quantitative uncertainties Certainly, many methods and models are available to identify and evaluate the water quality. In the last five decades, groundwater modelling has developed several simulations and optimization models to identify water quality issues such as contamination reduction and irrigation water management. New generation planners are facing challenges regarding aquifer storage, groundwater quality, geogenic and anthropogenic contamination, and long-term water sustainability. Improper datasets and variable parameters make groundwater modelling typically time-consuming and also hinder elaborative analysis and calibration. This study is presented to evaluate several available modelling approaches to identify their ability and inability as well. The study has presented an analysis of simulation modelling, optimization modelling, spatiotemporal modelling, a brief analysis of the surrogate models and inter comparison design models for groundwater quality measurement. The review is found to be informative and also highlighting key gaps and advantages of the models. Key findings are suggesting that inter comparison modelling is advantageous to evaluate more than one parameter at the same time and it is also feasible for consistent output over a period of time.

The relationship between four different weather station across the South Australia for Annual Daily maximum Rainfall was investigated. The data were collected from four different weather station from 1990 to 2019, for 30 years. Two station are located near to the Adelaide city area and another two are located in the Southwest region of South Australia. The selection of the station is based on the location, as two station are from the urban areas and another two are considered from the countryside. Statistical tests were performed using the data, including Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Multivariate for ADMR and correlation for ADMR and AR. For the annual daily maximum rainfall, the distribution of the data is same across the four station and retain the null hypothesis. Meanwhile, with 5% level of significance, the correlation between AR and ADMR across four station is weak (Spearman’s rho= 0.378). The study will help to understand the pattern, intensity and distribution of the climate variables. The approach can be used further for different climate variables such as annual daily maximum temperature or annual rainfall for detailed analysis.

Vegetation patterns often affected by the soil pH, soil compaction and human mediated disturbance. Several studies have explored how pH, compaction and human disturbance have altered the ecosystem patterns, functioning and services. These studies about semi-arid drylands, explain how lifeforms and productivity resulting from soil acidity, hardness and human disturbance in arid-land. To further enhance the understanding of this correlation, we have surveyed five different eco-system within Yookamurra Sanctuary (Murray lands of South Australia), which is protecting over 5000 hectares of epidemic vegetation and wildlife species. Data has been collected by random sampling method with 150 quadrate samples for soil pH, soil compaction, litter depth, disturbance (Animal or Human) and lifeforms within Yookamurra region. Results suggest that the impacts of pH and compaction are varying across five different ecosystems. Moreover, vehicle disturbance has greater consequences at Roadside ecosystem. These findings amend our understanding of the interaction of soil characteristics with the vegetation patterns, especially in semi-arid region, such as Yookamurra wildlife sanctuary.

Intensive meat production possess environmental and socioeconomical threats to the society. This study represents the identification of the suitable site of the intensive poultry farm production. Central Bio-physical region of South Australia is selected as a study site. The area of the study site is 2865 sq.km. It has a diverse land use type. The study includes study of land cover types, EPA activities, Conservation and Protection zones, Ramsar areas and slope for the selected study area. Methodology includes several predetermined use of ArcMap tools; such as, Buffer, Clip, Slope and Extract. Furthermore, the result shows eight elected areas. These areas are mapped using the google earth map after analyzing all the predetermined criteria. This study will help to present the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) for remote sensing analysis, urban planning and land conservation and management.