The Influence of Stratospheric Hydration from the Hunga Eruption on
Chemical Processing in the 2023 Antarctic Vortex
Abstract
The 2022 Hunga eruption led to extraordinary water vapor enhancement
throughout the stratospheric vortex at the beginning of the 2023
Antarctic winter. Although the dynamical characteristics of the vortex
itself were generally unexceptional, the excess moisture initially
raised the threshold temperatures for the formation of polar
stratospheric clouds (PSCs) above typical values over a broad vertical
domain. Low temperatures, especially during an early-July cold spell,
prompted ice PSC formation and unusually severe irreversible dehydration
at higher levels (500–700 K), while atypical rehydration occurred at
lower levels (380–460 K). Heterogeneous chemical processing was more
extensive, both vertically (up to 750–800 K) and temporally (earlier in
the season), than in prior Antarctic winters. The resultant HCl
depletion and ClO enhancement both redefined their previously observed
ranges at and above 600 K. Albeit unmatched in the satellite record, the
early-winter upper-level chlorine activation was insufficient to induce
substantial ozone loss. Chlorine activation, denitrification, and
dehydration processes saturated in midwinter, with trace gas evolution
essentially following the climatological mean thereafter. Chlorine
deactivation started slightly later than in most years. While cumulative
ozone losses at 410–550 K were relatively large, probably because of
the delayed chlorine deactivation, they were not unprecedented. Thus,
ozone depletion was unremarkable throughout the lower stratosphere.
Although Hunga hastened the onset of and increased the vertical extent
of PSC formation and chlorine activation in early winter, saturation of
lower stratospheric chemical processing (as is typical in the Antarctic)
prevented an exceptionally severe ozone hole in 2023.