Performance of the ionospheric kappa-correction of radio occultation
profiles under diverse ionization and solar activity conditions
Abstract
The kappa-correction is an easy-to-use method to correct for residual
ionospheric errors in radio occultation (RO) data. It is a simple
empirical model term that only depends on readily available data. While
its basic utility was well proven in previous studies, including a
recent predecessor study on RO climatologies under solar cycle
variations, its performance for individual RO profile correction under
diverse and extreme ionization conditions is unclear so far. Here we
tackle this gap and focus on investigating (extremely) low and high
solar activity and ionization conditions of individual RO events,
including inspection of ionospheric symmetry between inbound and
outbound raypaths. Using a global multi-year ensemble of MetOp-A and
GRACE-A RO events over 2008 to 2015 as basis, we applied a sampling
approach leading to six characteristic condition cases. These cases also
relate to day and night time variations and geographic variations from
the equatorial to the high latitude region. We inspected the
kappa-correction and its performance relative to the standard bending
angle correction for RO-retrieved stratospheric profiles and found mean
deviations in temperature of near -0.3K in the upper stratosphere
40-45km for high ionization conditions, with extreme deviations
exceeding -2K for strong inbound/outbound asymmetry. The
kappa-correction term itself reaches a mean value near 0.05μrad under
these high conditions. Low solar activity and ionization conditions lead
to a mean correction smaller than 0.005μrad and mean temperature
deviations smaller than 0.02K. An intercomparison to other quality
datasets, predominantly showed a decrease in mean temperature difference
when applying the kappa-correction.