MJO Initiation Triggered by Amplification of Upper-tropospheric Dry
Mixed Rossby-gravity Waves
Abstract
A possibly important dynamical process for the Madden–Julian
oscillation (MJO) convective initiation is proposed. An MJO event during
the “CINDY2011” field campaign is triggered by eastward-moving
lower-tropospheric mixed Rossby-gravity (MRG) wave packets, and its
leading precursor is predominance of upper-tropospheric MRGs in the
Indian Ocean (IO). Simple three-dimensional model experiments reveal
that the upper-tropospheric MRGs in the IO are amplified particularly in
the western IO (WIO) by their westward advection and wave accumulation
due to the upper-level convergence in mean easterlies of the Walker
circulation. The model also predicts downward dispersion of the
amplified upper-tropospheric MRGs and resultant lower-tropospheric MRG
wave packet formation. This MRG evolution consistently explains the MJO
initiation process during CINDY2011, which is further verified by ray
tracing for MRGs. Upper-tropospheric circumnavigating Kelvin waves
assist the proposed mechanism by promoting MRG-wave accumulation
(advection) in their westerly (easterly) phases via enhanced zonal
convergence and weakened easterlies (enhanced easterlies).