Mechanical forcing of convection by cold pools: collisions and energy
scaling.
Abstract
Forced mechanical lifting through cold pool gust fronts can trigger new
convection, and previous work highlights the role played by collisions
between cold pools. However, as conceptual models show, the emergent
organisation from two versus three colliding cold pools differs
strongly. In idealised dry large-eddy simulations we therefore examine
which of the two processes dominates. We simulate the spread of gravity
currents and the collisions between two and three cold pools. The
triggering likelihood is quantified in terms of the cumulative vertical
mass flux of boundary layer air and the instantaneous updraft strength,
generated at the cold pool gust fronts. We find that cold pool expansion
can be well described by initial potential energy and time alone. Cold
pool expansion monotonically slows but shows an abrupt transition
between an axi-symmetric and a broken-symmetric state – mirrored by a
sudden drop in expansion speed. We characterize these two dynamic
regimes by two distinct power-law exponents and explain the transition
by the onset of ‘lobe-and-cleft’ instabilities at the cold pool head.
Two-cold pool collisions produce the strongest instantaneous updrafts in
the lower boundary layer, which we expect to be important in
environments with strong convective inhibition. Three-cold pool
collisions generate weaker but deeper updrafts and the strongest
cumulative mass flux and are thus predicted to induce the largest
mid-level moistening, which has been identified as a precursor for the
transition from shallow to deep convection. Combined, our findings may
help decipher the role of cold pools in spatially organising convection
and precipitation.