Magnetic storm-time red aurora as seen from Hokkaido, Japan on December
1, 2023 associated with high-density solar wind
Abstract
We report a citizen science-motivated study on the cause of an unusually
bright red aurora as witnessed from Hokkaido, Japan during a magnetic
storm on December 1, 2023. Such an intense red aurora event has occurred
in the Halloween 2003 super storm, but the Dst index peak of this
December 2023 storm was only -107 nT. In spite of the moderate storm
amplitude, the extremely high solar wind density of >50 /cc
caused the aurora oval extension to 53 MLAT (L=2.8). We discuss that the
drift loss of the ring current particles across the small-size
magnetopause is important, and Hokkaido was at the right position to see
the direct effect of the large particle injection of the storm-time
substorm.