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\begin{document}

\title{Increasing intensity of extreme global heatwaves: the crucial role of
metrics}



\author[1]{Emmanuele Russo}%
\author[2]{Daniela I.V. Domeisen}%
\affil[1]{Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich}%
\affil[2]{ETH Zurich}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Many indices have been defined to estimate the intensity of a heatwave.
However, these indices are often used indiscriminately, without
sufficient consideration of their possible different results and of the
challenges that this poses to a proper characterization and comparison
of events.\\
This study, by comparing four different indices applied to reanalyses
data, shows that the choice of heatwave intensity metrics has important
effects on the detection of the most intense events for the period
1950-2021, with indices based on cumulative values of a target variable
that must be preferred over the ones relying on temporal averages. Under
these considerations, one of the given indices is additionally selected
for the study of heatwaves of the period 1950-2021, showing that
heatwaves that were unlikely before 1986 have become up to ten times
more usual and up to three times more intense during recent times.%
\end{abstract}%



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