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\begin{document}

\title{Investigating the Vertical Structure of Interactions between Radiation,
Circulation and Moisture in Tropical Cyclones}



\author[1]{Bosong Zhang}%
\author[2]{Brian Soden}%
\author[3]{Gabriel Vecchi}%
\affil[1]{University of Miami}%
\affil[2]{Univ. Miami, Miami}%
\affil[3]{Princeton University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
A vertically resolved analysis of the budget equation for the spatial
variance of moist static energy (MSE) is used to diagnose processes
associated with the development of tropical cyclones (TCs) in a
high-resolution general circulation model (GCM) under realistic boundary
conditions. Previous studies have shown that radiation provides an
important feedback which enhances TC development. Here we examine the
vertical contributions to this feedback by performing a series of
mechanism-denial experiments in which synoptic-scale radiative
interactions are suppressed either in the boundary layer or in the free
troposphere. Although the boundary layer makes up a much smaller
proportion of the atmospheric column than the free troposphere, the two
experiments result in similar magnitude of reduction in global TC
frequency, indicating that radiative interactions in the boundary layer
and those in the free troposphere are of comparable importance in
modulating TC frequency. Using instantaneous 6-houly outputs, an
explicit computation reveals spatial patterns of the advection term
during different TC stages. Instead of damping the spatial variance of
MSE as noted in previous idealized studies, the advection term is found
to promote the development of TCs. We attribute this result primarily to
the explicit calculation of the advection term, however the influence of
SST gradients cannot be ruled out. While the vertical component of the
advection term is prominent in the middle troposphere, the horizontal
component dominates in the boundary layer. These results provide
additional insight of how different physical processes contribute to TC
development in GCMs under realistic boundary conditions.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`essoar.10507785.1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/535851/articles/598876-investigating-the-vertical-structure-of-interactions-between-radiation-circulation-and-moisture-in-tropical-cyclones}

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