Critical roles of the activation of ethylene pathway genes mediated by
DNA demethylation in Arabidopsis hyperhydricity
Abstract
Hyperhydricity often occurs in plant tissue culture, seriously
influencing the commercial micropropagation and genetic improvement. DNA
methylation has been studied for its function in plant development and
stress responses. However, its potential role in hyperhydricity is
unknown. In this study, we report the first comparative DNA methylome
analysis of normal and hyperhydric Arabidopsis seedlings using
whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. We found that the global methylation
level decreased in hyperhydric seedlings, and most of the differentially
methylated genes were CHH hypomethylated genes. Moreover, the bisulfite
sequencing results showed that hyperhydric seedlings displayed CHH
demethylation patterns in the promoter of the ACS1 and ETR1 genes,
resulting in up-regulated expression of both genes and increased
ethylene accumulation. Furthermore, hyperhydric seedling displayed
reduced stomatal aperture accompanied by decreased water loss and
increased phosphorylation of aquaporins accompanied by increased water
uptake. While AgNO3 prevented hyperhydricity by maintained the degree of
methylation in the promoter regions of ACS1 and ETR1 and down-regulated
the transcription of both genes. AgNO3 also reduced the content of
ethylene together with the phosphorylation of aquaporins and water
uptake. Taken together, this study suggested that DNA demethylation is a
key switch that activates ethylene pathway genes to enable ethylene
synthesis and signal transduction, which may subsequently influence
aquaporin phosphorylation and stomatal aperture, eventually cause
hyperhydricity; thus, DNA demethylation plays a crucial role in
hyperhydricity. These results provide insights into the epigenetic
regulation mechanism of hyperhydricity, and confirm the role of ethylene
and AgNO3 in hyperhydricity control.