Influence of Target Properties on Wall Slumping in Lunar Impact Craters
within the Simple-to-Complex Transition
Abstract
The 15-20 km crater diameter range on the Moon spans simple to
transitional to complex crater morphologies. Simple craters in this
range are only in the highlands. Transitional craters that contain
localized slumps are scattered across the lunar surface. Most craters
with localized slumps in the highlands superpose pre-impact topography
with obvious slope breaks. We interpret this as a condition favorable
for post-excavation internal slumping. However, some of these craters
formed on terrains with topographic variation similar to the settings of
simple craters: flat or gradually sloping surface, or degraded
structures of older craters such as rims and terraces. To resolve the
conundrum of two morphologies on one terrain type, we performed
investigations of the local geology and topography of the inferred
pre-impact terrains. We assessed if the localized slumping in the
craters happened during or well after crater formation, looked for
spatial variations in the strength of the highlands crust, detected
topographic breaks (through elevation data) that were unnoticeable in
the optical data, and examined rim circularity. Our findings corroborate
the influence of pre-existing slopes on mass wasting along crater walls.
The majority of the craters with localized slumps have walls superposing
topographic breaks that slope towards the crater interior. These walls
are located near the uphill sector of the rims which initiated localized
slumping. Most simple craters were found to have formed on surfaces with
topographic breaks/slopes that face away from the adjoining crater
walls, so that any immediate mass wasting would likely be outside the
crater cavity.