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\begin{document}

\title{Flexure of the lithosphere beneath the north polar cap of Mars, with
implication for ice compositions and heat flow}



\author[1]{Adrien Pierre Michel Broquet}%
\author[1]{Mark A. Wieczorek}%
\author[2]{Wenzhe Fa}%
\affil[1]{Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur}%
\affil[2]{Peking University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The geodynamical response of the lithosphere under stresses imposed by
the geologically young north polar cap is one of the few clues we have
to constrain both its composition and the present-day thermal state of
Mars. Here we combine data from orbital radar sounders with a
lithospheric loading model to self-consistently estimate the density (\selectlanguage{greek}ρ\selectlanguage{english})
and real dielectric constant (\selectlanguage{greek}ε\selectlanguage{english}) of the polar cap, and the elastic
thickness of the lithosphere underneath (Te). We show that \selectlanguage{greek}ρ \selectlanguage{english}can range
from 920 to 1520 kg m, \selectlanguage{greek}ε \selectlanguage{english}is constrained to be 2.75 (+0.40,-0.35), and Te
is found to range from 330 to 450 km. We determine an updated polar cap
volume that is up to 30\% larger than current estimates that all neglect
lithospheric flexure. Inferred compositions suggest that a minimum of
10\% CO is buried in the deposits, which may have important implications
for the climate evolution of Mars.%
\end{abstract}%



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