Northern Preference for Terrestrial Electromagnetic Energy Input from
Space Weather
Abstract
Terrestrial space weather involves the transfer of energy and momentum
from the solar wind into geospace. Despite recently discovered seasonal
asymmetries between auroral forms and the intensity of emissions between
northern and southern hemispheres, seasonally averaged energy input into
the ionosphere is still generally considered to be symmetric. Here we
use Swarm satellite data to show an unexpected preference for
electromagnetic energy input at 450 km altitude into the northern
hemisphere, on both the dayside and the nightside, when averaged over
season. We propose that this is explained by the offset of the magnetic
dipole away from Earth’s center. This introduces a larger separation
between the magnetic pole and rotation axis in the south, creating
different relative solar illumination of northern and southern auroral
zones, resulting in changes to the strength of reflection of incident
Alfvén waves from the ionosphere. Our study reveals an important
asymmetry in seasonally averaged electromagnetic energy input to the
atmosphere. Based on observed lower Poynting flux on the nightside this
asymmetry may also exist for auroral emissions. Similar offsets may
drive asymmetric energy input, and potentially aurora, on other planets.