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\begin{document}

\title{Freshwater input and vertical mixing in the Canada Basin's seasonal
halocline: 1975 vs 2006-2012}



\author[1]{Erica Rosenblum}%
\author[1]{Julienne Stroeve}%
\author[2]{Sarah T Gille}%
\author[3]{L Bruno Tremblay}%
\author[4]{Camille Lique}%
\author[5]{Robert Fajber}%
\author[1]{Ryan Galley}%
\author[1]{David Barber}%
\author[6]{Thiago Loureiro}%
\author[1]{Jennifer Lukovich}%
\affil[1]{University of Manitoba}%
\affil[2]{University of California, San Diego}%
\affil[3]{McGill University}%
\affil[4]{University of Brest}%
\affil[5]{University of Washington}%
\affil[6]{Toronto, ON}%


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  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The seasonal halocline impacts the exchange of heat, energy, and
nutrients between the surface and the deeper ocean, and it is changing
in response to Arctic sea ice melt over the past several decades. Here,
we assess seasonal halocline formation in 1975 and 2006-2012 by
comparing daily, May to September, below-ice salinity profiles collected
in the Canada Basin. We evaluate differences between the two time
periods using a one-dimensional (1D) bulk model to quantify differences
in freshwater input and vertical mixing. The 1D model metrics indicate
that two separate factors contribute similarly to stronger
stratification in 2006-2012 than in 1975: (1) larger surface freshwater
input and (2) less vertical mixing of that freshwater. The first factor
is mainly important in August-September, consistent with a longer melt
season in recent years. The second factor is mainly important from June
until mid-August, when similar levels of freshwater input in 1975 and
2006-2012 are mixed over a different depth range, resulting in different
stratification. These results imply that decadal changes to ice-ocean
dynamics, in addition to freshwater input, significantly contribute to
the stronger seasonal stratification in 2006-2012 than in 1975. The
findings highlight the need for near-surface process studies to
elucidate the roles of lateral processes and ice-ocean momentum exchange
on vertical mixing.%
\end{abstract}%



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