Abstract
Channel avulsions on river deltas are the primary means to distribute
sediment and build land at the coastline. Many studies have detailed how
avulsions generate delta lobes, whereby multiple lobes amalgamate to
form a fan-shaped deposit. Physical experiments demonstrated that a
condition of sediment transport equilibrium can develop on the topset,
characterized by neither deposition nor erosion of sediment, and
material is dispersed to the foreset. This alluvial grade condition
assumes steady subsidence and uniform basin depth. In nature, however,
alluvial grade is disrupted by variable subsidence, and progradation of
lobes into basins with variable depth: conditions that are prevalent for
tectonically active margins. We explore sediment dispersal and
deposition patterns across scales using measurements of delta and basin
morphology compiled from field surveys and remote sensing, collected
over 150 years, from the Selenga Delta (Baikal Rift Zone), Russia.
Tectonic subsidence events, associated with earthquakes on normal faults
crossing the delta, displace portions of the topset several meters below
mean lake level. This allogenic process increases regional river
gradient and triggers lobe-switching avulsions. The timescale for these
episodes is shorter than the predicted autogenic lobe avulsion
timescale. During quiescent periods between subsidence events,
channel-scale avulsions occur relatively frequently because of
in-channel sediment aggradation, dispersing sediment to regional lows of
the delta. The hierarchical avulsion processes, arise for the Selenga
Delta, preserves discrete stratal packages that contain predominately
deep channels. Exploring the interplay between discrete subsidence and
sediment accumulation patterns will improve interpretations of
stratigraphy from active margins and basin models.