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\begin{document}

\title{Sea surface temperature control on the aerosol-induced brightness of
marine clouds over the North Atlantic Ocean}



\author[1]{Xiaoli Zhou}%
\author[2]{Jianhao Zhang}%
\author[3]{Graham Feingold}%
\affil[1]{NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory}%
\affil[2]{National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}%
\affil[3]{CSD, ESRL, NOAA, Boulder}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Marine low clouds are one of the greatest sources of uncertainty for
climate projection. We present an observed climatology of cloud albedo
susceptibility to cloud droplet number concentration perturbations
(\emph{S}\textsubscript{0}) with changing sea surface temperature (SST)
and estimated inversion strength for single-layer warm clouds over the
North Atlantic Ocean, using eight years of satellite and reanalysis
data. The key findings are that SST has a dominant control on
\emph{S}\textsubscript{0} in the presence of co-varying synoptic
conditions and aerosol perturbations. Regions conducive to
aerosol-induced darkening (brightening) clouds occur with high (low)
local SST. Higher SST significantly hastens cloud-top evaporation with
increasing aerosol loading, by accelerating entrainment and facilitating
entrainment drying. In a global-warming-like scenario, cloud darkening
is expected, mainly as a result of increased entrainment drying via
Clausius-Clapeyron scaling. Our results imply a more (less) positive
low-cloud liquid water path feedback in a warmer climate with increasing
(decreasing) aerosol loading.%
\end{abstract}%



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