Nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substance, plays a crucial role in the atmosphere. Anthropogenic emissions from agriculture contribute to a rising trend in global N2O emissions and atmospheric concentrations. However, due to insufficient direct observations, regional N2O emissions derived in bottom-up and top-down studies are highly uncertain. The U.S. Midwest is one of the most intensive agriculture areas worldwide and hence may contribute significantly to the observed trend. Recent top-down studies suggest that bottom-up estimates underestimate agricultural emissions in that area by up to an order of magnitude. Here we quantify nitrous oxide emissions in the Midwest in October 2017 and June-July 2019 with a top-down approach. Unique continuous aircraft-based measurements of N2O conducted during the ACT-America campaign together with forward WRF-Chem model simulations are used to scale the EDGAR inventory thus quantifying emissions. On average we had to upscale October 2017 and June-July 2019 agricultural EDGAR 4.3.2/5.0 emissions by a factor of 6.3/3.5 and 11.4/9.9, resulting in 0.42 nmol m-2 s-1 and 1.06 nmol m-2 s-1 emissions in the Midwest, respectively. Finally, calculations of direct soil N2O emissions from the DayCent biogeochemical model are compared to our estimates.

The relationship between aerosol concentration and lightning is complex. Aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei, contributing to the formation of cloud droplets, cloud electrification and lightning, while high concentrations of aerosols can contribute to a decrease in lightning due to radiative effects. Meteorology plays a dominant role in lightning activity, distorting the effect of aerosols. More measurements, as presented here, are needed to establish the complex relationship between aerosols and lightning. The Po Valley, a heavily industrialized region, was highly affected by the COVID-19 lockdown. The reduction of non-essential activities and mobility coincided with a significant drop in pollutant concentrations and lightning. We investigate the relationship between lightning, meteorology and aerosols. We find that the variation in lightning during the lockdown cannot be fully attributed to meteorology. $\sim$60\% of the observed decrease can be attributed to meteorology, and $\sim$40\% to the reduction in aerosol emissions.

Atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) is, after carbon dioxide and methane, the third most important long-lived anthropogenic greenhouse gas in terms of radiative forcing. Since preindustrial times a rising trend in the global N2O concentrations is observed. Anthropogenic emissions of N2O, mainly from agricultural activity, contribute considerably to this trend. Sparse observational constraints have made it difficult to quantify these emissions. The few studies on top-down approaches in the U.S. that exist are mainly based on Lagrangian models and ground-based measurements. They all propose a significant underestimation of anthropogenic N2O emission sources in established inventories, such as the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). In this study we quantify anthropogenic N2O emissions in the Midwest of the U.S., an area of high agricultural activity. In the course of the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport – America (ACT-America) campaign spanning from summer 2016 to summer 2019, an extensive dataset over four seasons has been collected including in-situ N2O aircraft based measurements in the lower and middle troposphere onboard NASA’s C-130 and B-200 aircraft. During fall 2017 and summer 2019 we conducted measurements onboard the NASA-C130 with a Quantum-Cascade-Laser-Spectrometer (QCLS) and on both aircraft over the whole campaign flask measurements (NOAA) were collected. More than 300 joint flight hours were conducted and more than 500 flask samples were collected over the U.S. Midwest. The QCLS system collected continuous N2O data for approximately 60 flight hours in this region. The Eulerian Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry enabled (WRF-Chem) is being used to quantify regional agricultural N2O emissions using the spatial characteristics of these atmospheric N2O mole fraction observations. The numerical simulations enable potential surface emission distributions to be compared to our airborne measurements, and source estimates can be adjusted to minimize the differences, thus quantifying N2O sources. These results are then compared to emission rates in the EDGAR inventory.

The U.S. Midwest, with its intensive agriculture, is a prominent source of nitrous oxide (N2O) but top-down and bottom-up N2O emission estimates differ significantly. We quantify Midwest N2O emissions by combining observations from the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport-America campaign with model simulations to scale the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). In October 2017 we increased agricultural EDGAR version 4.3.2/5.0 emissions by a factor of 6.3±4.6/3.5±2.7, resulting in Midwest N2O emissions of 0.42±0.28 nmol m-2 s-1. In June/July 2019, a period when extreme flooding was occurring in the Midwest, EDGAR was increased by a factor of 11.4±6.6/9.9±5.7, resulting in N2O emissions of 1.06±0.57 nmol m-2 s-1. Agricultural emissions estimated with the process-based model DayCent (Daily version of the CENTURY ecosystem model) were larger than in EDGAR but still substantially smaller than our estimates. Due to the complexity of N2O emissions, further studies are necessary to fully characterize Midwest emissions.