Abstract
Previous lightning climatologies derived from Lightning Imaging Sensor
(LIS) and Optical Transient Detector (OTD) total lightning measurements
have quantified lightning frequency as a Flash Rate Density (FRD). This
approach assumes that lightning flashes can be represented as points,
and quantifies the frequency of lightning centered in each grid cell.
However, lightning has a finite extent that can reach hundreds of
kilometers. A new climatology based on Flash Extent Density (FED) is
constructed for LIS (including ISS-LIS) and OTD that accounts for the
horizontal dimension of lightning. The FED climatology documents the
frequency that an observer can expect lightning to be visible overhead -
regardless of where the flash began or ended. This new FED climatology
confirms and elaborates on the previous global LIS / OTD FRD and
Americas-only Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) findings. Applying
GLM reprocessing codes to LIS and OTD data reveals cases of megaflashes
measured from Low Earth Orbit that were artificially split by the LIS /
OTD clustering algorithms. The FED climatology maintains Lake Maracaibo
as the global lightning hotspot with an average of 389 flashes / day,
but designates Karabre in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as the
global thunderstorm duty (percent of the total viewtime where lightning
is observed) hotspot at 7.29%. Meanwhile, Kuala Lumpur is the national
capital city with the most lightning, and its airport (KUL) is the top
major airport affected by lightning. The FED seasonal cycle and
month-to-month changes in the “center of lightning” for the three
continental chimney regions are also discussed.