We use a cluster feature dataset for the Fast On-orbit Recording of Transient Events (FORTE) satellite that combines detections from its pixelated lightning imager (Lightning Locating System: LLS), photodiode detector (PDD) and Radio-Frequency (RF) instrumentation to generate statistics describing the frequency and timing of lightning events detected by each instrument during lightning flashes. Coincident observations from the same vantage point allow us to directly compare flash details that can be resolved by the wide Field of View (FOV) instruments relative to the pixelated LLS – whose design is based on NASA’s Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS).

We find that both the PDD and RF system typically generate more detections than the lightning imager (mean: 1.5 PDD events per LLS group, 2 RF events per LLS group) from pulses that are either not sufficiently bright in the optical band (in the case of RF) or that lack the optical energy density (in the case of the PDD) required to trigger one of the pixels on the LLS imaging array. This includes additional activity before the first LLS group or after the final LLS group.

These FORTE results demonstrate that certain lightning processes would be better resolved by wide-FOV optical and RF instruments than lightning imagers. Current / future space-based missions that use / plan to use similar instruments will improve our understanding of flash evolution by resolving details missed by lightning imagers.