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\begin{document}

\title{Global Comparison of Benthic Nepheloid Layers Based on 52 years of
Nephelometer and Transmissometer Measurements}



\author[1]{Wilford Gardner}%
\author[2]{Mary Jo Richardson}%
\author[3]{Alexey Mishonov}%
\author[4]{Pierre Biscaye}%
\affil[1]{Texas A\&M University College Station}%
\affil[2]{Texas A \& M Univ}%
\affil[3]{Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites University of Maryland}%
\affil[4]{Lamont -Doherty Earth Observatory}%


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  \date{June 09, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Global maps of maximum bottom particle concentration, benthic nepheloid
layer thickness, and integrated particle mass in benthic nepheloid
layers (BNL) based on 2412 global profiles collected using the Lamont
Thorndike nephelometer from 1964-1984 are compared with maps of those
same properties compiled from 6,392 global profiles measured by
transmissometers from 1979 to 2016. Outputs from both instruments were
converted to particulate matter concentration (PM). We present here a
visual global comparison of the location and intensity of BNLs measured
with these two independent instruments over slightly overlapping decadal
time periods and combine the data sets in order to expand the time scale
of global in situ measurements of BNLs, and to gain insight about the
factors creating/sustaining BNLs. The similarity between general
locations of high and low particle concentration BNLs during the two
time periods indicates that the driving forces of erosion and
resuspension of bottom sediments are spatially persistent during recent
decadal time spans, though in areas of strong BNLs, intensity is highly
episodic. Topography and well-developed current systems play a role.
These maps can be used to better understand deep ocean sediment
dynamics, linkage with upper ocean dynamics, the potential for
scavenging of adsorption-prone elements near the seafloor, and provide a
comprehensive comparison of these data sets on a global scale. During
both time periods, BNLs are weak or absent in most of the Pacific,
Indian, and Atlantic basins away from continental margins. High surface
eddy kinetic energy is associated with the Kuroshio Current east of
Japan. Both data sets show weak BNLs south of the Kuroshio, but no
transmissometer data have been collected beneath the Kuroshio itself.
Sparse nephelometer data show moderate BNLs just north of the Kuroshio
Extension, but with much lower concentrations than beneath the Gulf
Stream. Strong BNLs are found in areas where eddy kinetic energy in
overlying waters, mean kinetic energy near bottom, and energy
dissipation within the bottom boundary layer are high. Areas of
strongest BNLs include the Western North Atlantic, Argentine Basin,
areas around South Africa tied to the Agulhas Current region, and
somewhat random locations in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current of the
Southern Ocean.%
\end{abstract}%



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