Richards equation at the hillslope scale: Can we resolve the
heterogeneity of soil hydraulic material properties?
Abstract
Process-based modeling of soil water movement with the Richards equation
requires the description of soil hydraulic material properties, which
are highly uncertain and heterogeneous at all scales. This limits the
applicability of Richards equation at larger scales beyond the patch
scale. The experimental capabilities of the three hillslopes of the
Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO) at Biosphere 2 provide a unique
opportunity to observe the heterogeneity of hydraulic material
properties at the hillslope scale. We performed a gravity flow
experiment where through constant irrigation the water content increases
until the hydraulic conductivity matches the irrigation flux above. The
dense water content sensor network at LEO then allows to map the
heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity at a meter scale resolution. The
experiment revealed spatial structures within the hillslopes, mainly a
vertical trend with the lowest hydraulic conductivity close to the
surface. However, the variation between neighbouring sensors is high,
showing that the heterogeneity cannot be fully resolved even at LEO. By
representing the heterogeneity in models through Miller scaling we
showed the impact on hillslope discharge. For the hillslope with the
smallest heterogeneity, representing the dominant structures was
sufficient. However, for the two hillslopes with the larger overall
heterogeneity, adding further details of the local heterogeneity did
impact the discharge further. This highlights the limitations of
Richards equation, which requires the heterogeneous field of material
properties, at the hillslope scale and shows the relevance to improve
our understanding of effective parameters to be able to apply the
process-based model to larger scales.