A Geochemical Review of Amphibolite, Granulite, and Eclogite Facies
Lithologies: Perspectives on the Deep Continental Crust
Abstract
Debate abounds regarding the composition of the deep (middle + lower)
continental crust. Studies of medium and high grade metamorphic
lithologies guide us but encompass mafic (< 52 wt.%) to
felsic (> 68 wt.%) compositions. This study presents a
global compilation of geochemical data on amphibolite (n = 6500),
granulite (n = 4000), and eclogite (n = 200) facies lithologies and
quantifies systematic trends, uncertainties, and sources of bias in the
deep crust sampling. The continental crust’s Daly Gap is well documented
in amphibolite and most granulite facies lithologies, with eclogite
facies lithologies and granulite facies xenoliths having mostly mafic
compositions. Al2O3, Lu, and Yb vary
little from the top to bottom of the crust. In contrast,
SiO2 and incompatible elements show a wider range of
abundances. Because of oversampling of mafic lithologies, our
predictions are a lower bound on middle crustal composition. The
distinction between granulite facies terrains (intermediate
SiO2, high heat production, high incompatibles) or
granulite facies xenoliths (low SiO2, low heat
production, low incompatibles) as being the best analogs of the deep
crust remains disputable. We incorporated both, along with amphibolite
facies lithologies, to define a deep crustal composition that approaches
57.6 wt.% SiO2. This number, however, represents a
compositional middle ground, as seismological studies indicate a general
increase in density and seismic velocity with increasing depth. Future
studies should analyze more closely the depth dependent trends in deep
crustal composition so that we may develop compositional models that are
not limited to a three-layer crust.