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\begin{document}

\title{The Earth's surface controls the depth-dependent seismic radiation of
megathrust earthquakes}



\author[1,1,1]{Jiuxun Yin}%
\author[1,1,1]{Marine Denolle}%
\affil[1]{Harvard University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Megathrust earthquakes exhibit a ubiquitous seismic radiation style:
low-frequency (LF) seismic energy is efficiently emitted from the
shallowest portion of the fault, whereas high-frequency (HF) seismic
energy is efficiently emitted from the deepest part of the fault.
Although this is observed in many case-specific studies, we show that it
is ubiquitous in global megathrust earthquakes between 1995 and 2021.
Previous studies have interpreted this as an effect of systematic depth
variation in either the plate interface frictional properties (Lay et
al., 2012) or the P wavespeeds (Sallar\selectlanguage{ngerman}ès \& Ranero, 2019). This work
suggests an alternative hypothesis: the interaction between waves and
ruptures due to the Earth's free surface is the leading mechanism that
generates this behavior. Two-dimensional dynamic rupture simulations of
subduction zone earthquakes support this hypothesis. Our simulations
show that the interaction between the seismic waves reflected at the
Earth's free surface and the updip propagating rupture results in LF
radiation at the source. In contrast, the downdip propagation of rupture
is less affected by the free surface and is thus dominated by HF
radiation typical of buried faults. To a second degree, the presence of
a realistic Earth structure derived from P-wave velocity (VP)
tomographic images and realistic VP/VS ratio estimated in boreholes
further enhances the contrast in source radiation. We conclude that the
Earth's free surface is necessary to explain the observed megathrust
earthquake radiation style, and the realistic structure of subduction
zone is necessary to better predict earthquake ground motion and tsunami
potential.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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