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\begin{document}

\title{Critical role of snow on sea ice growth in the Atlantic sector of the
Arctic Ocean}



\author[1]{Mats Granskog}%
\author[1]{Ioanna Merkouriadi}%
\author[2]{Bin Cheng}%
\author[1]{Robert M. Graham}%
\author[1]{Anja Rösel}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{Ilmatieteen Laitos}%


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  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
During the Norwegian young sea ICE (N-ICE2015) campaign, which took
place in the first half of 2015 north of Svalbard, a deep winter snow
pack (50 cm) on sea ice was observed, that was 50\% thicker than earlier
climatological studies suggested for this region. Moreover, a
significant fraction of snow contributed to the total ice mass in
second-year ice (SYI) (9\% snow by mass), while very little snow was
present in first-year ice (FYI) (3\% snow by mass). We use a 1-D
snow/ice thermodynamic model forced with reanalyses data in autumn and
winter 2014/15. We show that snow-ice would form on SYI even with an
initial ice thickness of 2 m in autumn. By the end of winter snow-ice
can contribute up to 24-44\% of the total thickness of SYI, if the ice
is thin in autumn (0.6 m). This is important, especially in the absence
of any bottom thermodynamic growth due to the thick insulating snow
cover. We also show that growth of FYI north of Svalbard is controlled
by the timing of growth onset relative to snow precipitation events and
cold spells. These usually short-lived conditions are largely determined
by the frequency of storms entering the Arctic from the Atlantic Ocean.
In our case, a later freeze onset was favorable for FYI growth, due to
less snow accumulation in early autumn. This limits snow accumulation on
FYI but promotes bottom thermodynamic growth. We show our findings are
related to regionally higher precipitation in the Atlantic sector of the
Arctic, where frequent storms bring lot of precipitation in autumn and
winter, and also affect the duration of cold temperatures required for
ice growth in winter. We discuss the implications and the importance of
snow-ice in the future Arctic, formerly believed to be non-existent in
the central Arctic, due to thick perennial ice and little snow
precipitation. The combination of sea ice thinning and high
precipitation in the ``Transpolar Drift region'' highlights the need to
understand the regionality of these processes across the Arctic.%
\end{abstract}%



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