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\begin{document}

\title{Representation of river channels in large scale flood inundation models}



\author[1]{Jeffrey Charles Neal}%
\author[1]{Laurence Paul Hawker}%
\author[1]{James Thomas Steven Savage}%
\author[2]{Michael Durand}%
\author[1]{Paul D Bates}%
\author[3]{Christopher C Sampson}%
\affil[1]{University of Bristol}%
\affil[2]{Ohio State University}%
\affil[3]{SSBN Ltd}%


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  \date{May 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Flood inundation modelling across large data sparse areas has been
increasing in recent years, driven by a desire to provide hazard
information for a wider range of locations. The sophistication of these
models has steadily advanced over the past decade due to improvements in
remote sensing and modelling capability. There are now several global
flood models (GFMs) that seek to simulate water surface dynamics across
all rivers and floodplains regardless of data scarcity. However, flood
models in data sparse areas lack river bathymetry because this cannot be
observed remotely, meaning that a variety of methods for approximating
river bathymetry have been developed from uniform flow or downstream
hydraulic geometry theory.

We argue that bathymetry estimation in these models should follow
gradually varying flow theory to account for both uniform and nonuniform
flows. We demonstrate that existing methods for bathymetry estimation in
GFM's are only accurate for kinematic reaches and are unable to simulate
unbiased water surface profiles for reaches with diffusive or shallow
water wave properties. The use of gradually varied flow theory to
estimate bathymetry in a GFM reduced water surface profile errors by
66\% and eliminated bias due to backwater effects. For a large-scale
test case in Mozambique this reduced flood extends by 40\% and
floodplain storage by 79\% at the 1 in 5 year return period. The results
have significant implications for the role floodplains play in
attenuating river discharges because previous GFM's based on uniform
flow theory will overstate the role of the floodplain.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`supplementary material.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/524277/articles/605951-representation-of-river-channels-in-large-scale-flood-inundation-models}

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