Patterns and Drivers of Dissolved Gas Concentrations and Fluxes Along a
Low Gradient Stream
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are globally significant sources of greenhouse
gases (GHG) to the atmosphere. Generally, we assume that in-situ
production of GHG in streams is limited by turbulent reaeration and high
dissolved oxygen concentrations, so stream GHG flux is highest in
headwater streams that are connected to their watersheds and serve as
conduits for the release of terrestrially derived GHG. Low-gradient
streams contain pool structures with longer residence times conducive to
the in-situ production of GHG, but these streams, and the longitudinal
heterogeneity therein, are seldom studied. We measured continuous
ecosystem metabolism alongside concentrations and fluxes of carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous
oxide (N2O) from autumn to the following spring along an
eight kilometer segment of a low-gradient third order stream in the
North Carolina Piedmont. We characterized spatial and temporal patterns
of GHG in the context of channel geomorphology, hydrology, and ecosystem
metabolic rates using linear mixed effects models. We found that stream
metabolic cycling was responsible for most of the CO2
flux over this period, and that in-channel aerobic metabolism was a
primary driver of both CH4 and N2O
fluxes as well. Long water residence times, limited reaeration, and
substantial organic matter from terrestrial inputs foster conditions
conducive to the in-stream accumulation of CO2 and
CH4 from microbial respiration. Streams like this one
are common in landscapes with low topographic relief, making it likely
that the high contribution of instream metabolism to GHG fluxes that we
observed is a widespread yet understudied behavior of many small
streams.